The maximum value miners/validators can extract by reordering or inserting transactions. Example: Sandwich attacks are a common form of MEV exploitation.

A valid block that is discarded because another competing block was accepted first. Example: Bitcoin occasionally produces orphan blocks when miners find blocks simultaneously.

• Definition: Government-issued currency that is not backed by a physical commodity but by trust in the government. • Example: The US Dollar (USD) or Euro (EUR). They have value because people and governments agree to use them.

• Definition: A function of money — something widely accepted for buying and selling goods or services. • Example: You pay for bread with dollars; the dollar acts as a medium of exchange.

• Definition: A standard measure of value used to price goods and services. • Example: Saying “this phone costs $500” — the dollar is the unit of account.

• Definition: An asset that maintains its value over time without depreciating quickly. • Example: Gold or Bitcoin can be stored for years and still hold value.

• Definition: The limited availability of something, which can make it valuable. • Example: Land is scarce on Earth; Bitcoin is scarce because only 21 million will ever exist.

• Definition: The usefulness of an asset — what you can actually do with it. • Example: Ethereum has utility because it enables smart contracts and decentralized apps.

• Definition: A collective story or belief that drives market behavior, even if fundamentals are weak. • Example: During hype around Artificial Intelligence (AI), even low-quality “AI tokens” may surge in price.

• Definition: The process of more people or institutions starting to use a technology or asset. • Example: When major companies start accepting Bitcoin payments, that’s adoption.

• Definition: The phenomenon where a product or service becomes more valuable as more people use it. • Example: Social networks like Facebook — the more users join, the more valuable the network becomes.

• Definition: A cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, usually pegged to a fiat currency like the US Dollar. • Example: USDT (Tether) and USDC stay close to $1 in value.